Ekuqaleni kwakukhona izwi, futhi izwi lalifiphele.
Lokho kungenxa yokuthi izibuko zamehlo bezingakasungulwa.Uma ububona eduze, ubona kude noma une-astigmatism, ulahlekelwe yinhlanhla.Konke kwakufiphele.
Kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-13 lapho amalensi okulungisa asungulwa futhi ayeyizinto ezingcolile, ezingajwayelekile.Kodwa abantu ababenombono ongaphelele babenzani ngaphambi kwalokho?
Benza enye yezinto ezimbili.Bazidela ngenxa yokungaboni kahle, noma benza lokho abantu abahlakaniphile abahlale bekwenza.
Bathuthuka.
Izibuko zamehlo zokuqala ezithuthukisiwe kwakuyizibuko zesikhashana, zohlobo oluthile.Ama-Inuit angaphambi komlando ayegqoka amazinyo endlovu ayisicaba phambi kobuso bawo ukuze avimbe imisebe yelanga.
ERoma lasendulo, umbusi uNero wayebamba isimaragidu esiphucuziwe phambi kwamehlo akhe ukuze anciphise ukubenyezela kwelanga kuyilapho ebuka izilwi ezilwa.
Umfundisi wakhe, uSeneca, waqhosha ngokuthi wazifunda “zonke izincwadi zaseRoma” endishini enkulu yengilazi egcwele amanzi, eyayikhulisa umbhalo.Alikho irekhodi lokuthi inhlanzi yegolide ingenile yini endleleni.
Lokhu kwaba ukwethulwa kwamalensi okulungisa, okwathuthukiswa kancane, eVenice cishe ngo-1000 CE, lapho isitsha sikaSeneca namanzi (futhi mhlawumbe nezinhlanzi zegolide) kwathathelwa indawo indawo eyingilazi eyisicaba, eyindilinga eyabekwa phezu kokufundwayo. izinto ezibonakalayo, empeleni zibe ingilazi ekhulisayo yokuqala futhi yenze abakwaSherlock Holmes base-Italy yenkathi ephakathi bakwazi ukuqoqa imikhondo eminingi yokuxazulula ubugebengu.Lawa “matshe okufunda” avumela nezindela ukuba ziqhubeke nokufunda, ukubhala, nokukhanyisa imibhalo yesandla ngemva kweminyaka engu-40.
Amajaji aseShayina ekhulunyaka le-12 ayegqoke uhlobo lwezibuko zelanga, ezenziwe ngamakristalu e-quartz ashunqa intuthu, ezibekwe phambi kobuso bawo ukuze inkulumo yawo ingabonakali kofakazi ababaphenya ngemibuzo, eqamba amanga embonweni “engaphenduki”.Nakuba eminye imibiko yohambo lukaMarco Polo eya eChina eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva ithi yabona amaShayina akhulile egqoke izibuko zamehlo, la ma-akhawunti aye ahlanjalazwa njengamanga, njengoba labo abaye bahlolisisa izincwadi zikaMarco Polo abatholanga ukuthi kukhulunywa ngezibuko zamehlo.
Nakuba usuku lwangempela luphikisana, ngokuvamile kuyavunyelwana ngokuthi ipheya lokuqala lezibuko zamehlo ezilungisa izinto lasungulwa e-Italy esikhathini esithile phakathi kuka-1268 no-1300. Lawa kwakungamatshe okufunda amabili (izibuko zokukhulisa) axhunywe nehinji elinganisene ebhulohweni lendawo. ikhala.
Imifanekiso yokuqala yomuntu ogqoke lesi sitayela sezibuko zamehlo esochungechungeni lwemidwebo yaphakathi nekhulu le-14 kaTommaso da Modena, owayebonisa izindela ezisebenzisa ama-monocle futhi egqoke lezi zibuko zamehlo zesitayela zakudala ze-pince-nez (isiFulentshi esithi “pinch nose”) ukuze azifunde. futhi ukopishe imibhalo yesandla.
Kusukela e-Italy, lokhu okusungulwe okusha kwethulwa emazweni “aphansi” noma “eBenelux” (iBelgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), Germany, Spain, France and England.Lezi zibuko zonke bekungamalensi ayi-convex akhulisa ukuphrinta nezinto.KwakuseNgilandi lapho abakhi bezibuko zamehlo baqala khona ukukhangisa ngezibuko zokufunda njengenzuzo kulabo abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-40. Ngo-1629 kwasungulwa iNkampani Yokukhulekelwa Kwezibukeli, enalesi siqubulo esithi: “Isibusiso kwasebekhulile”.
Intuthuko ebalulekile yaba ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, lapho kwakhiwa amalensi aqondile kaPapa Leo X obona eduze. Manje kwase kunezibuko zamehlo zokubona kude nokubona eduze.Nokho, zonke lezi zinhlobo zezibuko zamehlo zafika nenkinga enkulu – bezingeke zihlale ebusweni bakho.
Ngakho abakhiqizi bezingilazi zamehlo baseSpain babebopha amaribhoni kasilika kumalensi futhi babophe amaribhoni ezindlebeni zomuntu owufakile.Lapho lezi zibuko zethulwa eShayina yizithunywa zevangeli zaseSpain nezase-Italy, amaShayina awulahla umqondo wokuxebula amaribhoni ezindlebeni.Babebopha izinsimbi ezincane ekupheleni kwamaribhoni ukuze zihlale endlebeni.Khona-ke udokotela wamehlo waseLondon, u-Edward Scarlett, ngo-1730 wakha umanduleli wezingalo zethempeli lanamuhla, izinduku ezimbili eziqinile ezazinanyathiselwa kumalensi futhi zihlezi phezu kwezindlebe.Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nambili kamuva umklami wezibuko zamehlo uJames Ayscough wacwenga izingalo zethempeli, wengeza amahinge ukuze akwazi ukugoqa.Uphinde wafaka umbala ogqamile kuwo wonke amalensi akhe aluhlaza noma aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, hhayi ukuze awenze izibuko zelanga, kodwa ngoba ecabanga ukuthi la ma-tints nawo asiza ekuthuthukiseni ukubona.
Ukuqamba okusha okukhulu kwezibuko zamehlo kwafika ngokusungulwa kwe-bifocal.Nakuba imithombo eminingi ivamise ukuncoma ukusungulwa kwe-bifocals ku-Benjamin Franklin, maphakathi nawo-1780, indatshana ekuwebhusayithi yeKholeji Lodokotela Bamehlo iphenya lesi simangalo ngokuhlola bonke ubufakazi obukhona.Iphetha ngokungananazi ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ama-bifocal asungulwa eNgilandi ngeminyaka yawo-1760, nokuthi uFranklin wawabona lapho futhi wazi-oda ipheya.
Ukuchazwa kokusungulwa kwe-bifocals kuFranklin cishe kuvela ekubhaleni kwakhe nomngane,UGeorge Whatley.Kwenye incwadi, uFranklin uzichaza “njengojabulayo ekusungulweni kwezibuko eziphindwe kabili, ezisebenza ezintweni ezikude kanye neziseduze, zenza amehlo ami abe usizo kimina kunanini ngaphambili.”
Nokho, uFranklin akalokothi athi wawasungula.U-Whatley, mhlawumbe egqugquzelwe ulwazi lwakhe nokwazisa kwakhe uFranklin njengomqambi omkhulu, empendulweni yakhe uveza ukusungulwa kwe-bifocals kumngane wakhe.Abanye bathatha futhi bagijima nalokhu kuze kube seqophelweni lokuthi manje sekuyamukelwa ukuthi uFranklin wasungula ama-bifocals.Uma noma ubani omunye owayengumsunguli wangempela, leli qiniso lilahlekile kuze kube yiminyaka.
Usuku olulandelayo olubalulekile emlandweni wezibuko zamehlo lungo-1825, lapho isazi sezinkanyezi esiyiNgisi uGeorge Airy edala amalensi ayi-concave cylindrical alungisa i-astigmatism yakhe yokubona eduze.I-Trifocals yalandela ngokushesha, ngo-1827. Ezinye izenzakalo ezenzeka ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 noma ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19 kwakuyi-monocle, eyasuswa ngokungafi umlingiswa u-Eustace Tilley, oyi-New Yorker lokho u-Alfred E. Neuman ayiko kuMad Magazine, kanye ne lorgnette, izibuko zamehlo othini ezizoshintsha noma ubani ozigqokile abe idowager esheshayo.
Izibuko ze-Pince-nez, uzokhumbula, zethulwa maphakathi nekhulu le-14 kulezo zinguqulo zakuqala ezibekwe emakhaleni ezindela.Baphinde babuya eminyakeni engu-500 kamuva, baduma abantu abafana noTeddy Roosevelt, omachismo “okunzima futhi alungele” ayengawunaki umfanekiso wezibuko nje wosisi.
Nokho, ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izibuko ze-pince-nez zathathelwa indawo ngokuthandwa izingilazi ezigqokwa, zilinde, izihlabani zamabhayisikobho, kunjalo.Isihlabani sefilimu esithulile uHarold Lloyd, oke wambona elenga esitezi esiphezulu ngesikhathi ebambe izandla zewashi elikhulu, wayegqoke izibuko eziyindilinga ezinegobolondo lofudu eziphenduke intukuthelo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi zazibuyisela izingalo zethempeli ohlakeni.
I-Fused bifocals, ithuthukisa umklamo wesitayela sikaFranklin ngokuhlanganisa ibanga- kanye namalensi okubona eduze ndawonye, yethulwa ngo-1908. Izibuko zelanga zaduma ngawo-1930, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi isisefo sokuhlukanisa ukukhanya kwelanga sasungulwa ngo-1929, okwenza izibuko zelanga zikwazi ukusebenza kahle. thatha ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kanye ne-infrared.Esinye isizathu sokuduma kwezibuko zelanga yingoba izihlabani zamabhayisikobho ezinobukhazikhazi zathwetshulwa bezigqokile.
Isidingo sokujwayela izibuko zelanga ukuze sihlangabezane nezidingo zabashayeli bezindiza beMpi Yezwe II saholela ekudumeniisitayela se-aviator sezibuko zelanga.Intuthuko kumapulasitiki yenze ukuba amafreyimu enziwe ngemibala ehlukahlukene, futhi isitayela esisha sezibuko zabesifazane, esibizwa ngokuthi i-cat-eye ngenxa yamaphethelo acijile aphezulu ohlaka, saphendula izibuko zamehlo zaba isitatimende semfashini yabesifazane.
Ngokuphambene, izitayela zezibuko zamadoda ngeminyaka yawo-1940s kanye nama-'50s zazivame ukuba amafreyimu ezintambo eziyindilinga zegolide eziqinile, kodwa ngaphandle, njengesitayela sesikwele sika-Buddy Holly, kanye namagobolondo ofudu ka-James Dean.
Kanye nesitatimende semfashini izibuko zamehlo zase ziba, intuthuko kubuchwepheshe belensi yaletha amalensi aqhubekayo (no-line multifocal glasses) emphakathini ngo-1959. Cishe wonke amalensi engilazi manje enziwe ngepulasitiki, elula kunezibuko futhi ephuka ngendlela ehlanzekile kunokuba aqhekeke. emigodini.
Amalensi e-photochromic epulasitiki, ajika abe mnyama ekukhanyeni kwelanga futhi aphinde acace ngaphandle kwelanga, aqale ukutholakala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960.Ngaleso sikhathi zazibizwa ngokuthi “isithombe esimpunga”, ngoba kwakuwukuphela kombala ezafika kuwo. Amalensi ampunga esithombe ayetholakala engilazini kuphela, kodwa ngeminyaka yawo-1990 atholakala ngepulasitiki, futhi ekhulwini lama-21 aseyatholakala imibala ehlukahlukene.
Izitayela zezibuko zamehlo ziyafika zidlule, futhi njengoba kuvame ukuvela emfashinini, yonke into endala igcina iba yintsha futhi.Isibonelo salokhu: Izingilazi ezifakwe igolide nezingenarimu zazidumile.Manje hhayi kakhulu.Izingilazi ezinohlaka oluyintambo ezinkulu ezinobukhulu obukhulu, zathandwa ngeminyaka yawo-1970.Manje hhayi kakhulu.Manje, izibuko ze-retro eminyakeni engu-40 edlule bezingathandeki, njengezingilazi eziyisikwele, uphondo-uphondo kanye ne-brow-line, zibusa i-optical rack.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-14-2023